India and China are aware of the “very high political, economic and military cost of frozen relations,” he says. “China felt it had pushed India too close to the U.S. while India realized that it was losing its vaunted strategic autonomy by getting too close to Washington and turning Beijing into an adversary.”

JONATHAN A. CZIN is the Michael H. Armacost Chair in Foreign Policy Studies and a Fellow in the John L. Thornton China Center at the Brookings Institution. He is a former member of the Senior Analytic Service at the CIA and was Director for China at the National Security Council from 2021 until 2023.

A newly published speech reiterates the president’s pledge to support China’s private companies as a recent survey shows many face challenges.

China's top leadership has recently pledged to curb "involutionary" competition amid intense price wars in the country.

Chinese leader Xi Jinping urged the European Union to make “the right strategic choice” and enhance cooperation with China, while EU leaders called for a rebalancing of trade ties, as the two sides tackle deep-seated grievances at a tense summit in Beijing.

According to the SIPRI database, some of Pakistan’s major orders in the last five years include the country’s first spy ship, Rizwan; more than 600 VT-4 battle tanks and 36 J-10CE 4.5-generation fighter jets. China sent the first batch of multi-purpose J-10CE fighter jets to the Pakistani Air Force in 2022.

President Xi Jinping relies on legions of local officials to govern China’s 1.4 billion people. A rare protest over the brutal attack of a schoolgirl has inflamed concerns over their credibility.