WASHINGTON—The U.S. Supreme Court on Friday limited the scope of orders halting President Trump’s attempt to curtail birthright citizenship, in a decision that narrowed the ability of judges to issue nationwide injunctions against White House policies.

The Supreme Court delivered a major win to President Donald Trump on Friday in his ongoing war with the federal judiciary, limiting the power of courts to step in and block policies on a nationwide basis in the short term while judges review their legality.

The ruling clears a major hurdle to President Trump’s agenda and could reshape American citizenship, at least temporarily, as lower court challenges proceed.